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The process of polymerization fundamentally involves taking small molecules, known as monomers, and chemically bonding them together to create large, complex structures called polymers. This transformation is crucial in the production of a wide variety of materials, including plastics, rubber, and fibers, which are essential in numerous applications in industries ranging from packaging to biomedical devices.

During polymerization, the monomers, which often contain functional groups that can react with one another, link together through chemical reactions such as addition reactions or condensation reactions. As these monomers combine, they form long chains or networks that exhibit unique properties distinct from the individual monomers.

Understanding this process highlights the significance of polymerization in material science and chemistry, clarifying why the option regarding combining small molecules to form larger structures accurately reflects the essence of what polymerization entails.